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### 15.18 Adjusting the Instruction Scheduler

The instruction scheduler may need a fair amount of machine-specific adjustment in order to produce good code. GCC provides several target hooks for this purpose. It is usually enough to define just a few of them: try the first ones in this list first.

— Target Hook: int TARGET_SCHED_ISSUE_RATE (void)

> This hook returns the maximum number of instructions that can ever issue at the same time on the target machine. The default is one. Although the insn scheduler can define itself the possibility of issue an insn on the same cycle, the value can serve as an additional constraint to issue insns on the same simulated processor cycle (see hooks TARGET_SCHED_REORDER and TARGET_SCHED_REORDER2). This value must be constant over the entire compilation. If you need it to vary depending on what the instructions are, you must use TARGET_SCHED_VARIABLE_ISSUE.

— Target Hook: int TARGET_SCHED_VARIABLE_ISSUE (FILE *file, int verbose, rtx insn, int more)

> This hook is executed by the scheduler after it has scheduled an insn from the ready list. It should return the number of insns which can still be issued in the current cycle. The default is more - 1 for insns other than `CLOBBER` and `USE`, which normally are not counted against the issue rate. You should define this hook if some insns take more machine resources than others, so that fewer insns can follow them in the same cycle. file is either a null pointer, or a stdio stream to write any debug output to. verbose is the verbose level provided by -fsched-verbose-n. insn is the instruction that was scheduled.

— Target Hook: int TARGET_SCHED_ADJUST_COST (rtx insn, rtx link, rtx dep_insn, int cost)

> This function corrects the value of cost based on the relationship between insn and dep_insn through the dependence link. It should return the new value. The default is to make no adjustment to cost. This can be used for example to specify to the scheduler using the traditional pipeline description that an output- or anti-dependence does not incur the same cost as a data-dependence. If the scheduler using the automaton based pipeline description, the cost of anti-dependence is zero and the cost of output-dependence is maximum of one and the difference of latency times of the first and the second insns. If these values are not acceptable, you could use the hook to modify them too. See also see Processor pipeline description.

— Target Hook: int TARGET_SCHED_ADJUST_PRIORITY (rtx insn, int priority)

> This hook adjusts the integer scheduling priority priority of insn. It should return the new priority. Increase the priority to execute insn earlier, reduce the priority to execute insn later. Do not define this hook if you do not need to adjust the scheduling priorities of insns.

— Target Hook: int TARGET_SCHED_REORDER (FILE *file, int verbose, rtx *ready, int *n_readyp, int clock)

> This hook is executed by the scheduler after it has scheduled the ready list, to allow the machine description to reorder it (for example to combine two small instructions together on VLIW machines). file is either a null pointer, or a stdio stream to write any debug output to. verbose is the verbose level provided by -fsched-verbose-n. ready is a pointer to the ready list of instructions that are ready to be scheduled. n_readyp is a pointer to the number of elements in the ready list. The scheduler reads the ready list in reverse order, starting with ready[*n_readyp-1] and going to ready[0]. clock is the timer tick of the scheduler. You may modify the ready list and the number of ready insns. The return value is the number of insns that can issue this cycle; normally this is just `issue_rate`. See also TARGET_SCHED_REORDER2.

— Target Hook: int TARGET_SCHED_REORDER2 (FILE *file, int verbose, rtx *ready, int *n_ready, clock)

> Like TARGET_SCHED_REORDER, but called at a different time. That function is called whenever the scheduler starts a new cycle. This one is called once per iteration over a cycle, immediately after TARGET_SCHED_VARIABLE_ISSUE; it can reorder the ready list and return the number of insns to be scheduled in the same cycle. Defining this hook can be useful if there are frequent situations where scheduling one insn causes other insns to become ready in the same cycle. These other insns can then be taken into account properly.

— Target Hook: void TARGET_SCHED_DEPENDENCIES_EVALUATION_HOOK (rtx head, rtx tail)

> This hook is called after evaluation forward dependencies of insns in chain given by two parameter values (head and tail correspondingly) but before insns scheduling of the insn chain. For example, it can be used for better insn classification if it requires analysis of dependencies. This hook can use backward and forward dependencies of the insn scheduler because they are already calculated.

— Target Hook: void TARGET_SCHED_INIT (FILE *file, int verbose, int max_ready)

> This hook is executed by the scheduler at the beginning of each block of instructions that are to be scheduled. file is either a null pointer, or a stdio stream to write any debug output to. verbose is the verbose level provided by -fsched-verbose-n. max_ready is the maximum number of insns in the current scheduling region that can be live at the same time. This can be used to allocate scratch space if it is needed, e.g. by TARGET_SCHED_REORDER.

— Target Hook: void TARGET_SCHED_FINISH (FILE *file, int verbose)

> This hook is executed by the scheduler at the end of each block of instructions that are to be scheduled. It can be used to perform cleanup of any actions done by the other scheduling hooks. file is either a null pointer, or a stdio stream to write any debug output to. verbose is the verbose level provided by -fsched-verbose-n.

— Target Hook: void TARGET_SCHED_INIT_GLOBAL (FILE *file, int verbose, int old_max_uid)

> This hook is executed by the scheduler after function level initializations. file is either a null pointer, or a stdio stream to write any debug output to. verbose is the verbose level provided by -fsched-verbose-n. old_max_uid is the maximum insn uid when scheduling begins.

— Target Hook: void TARGET_SCHED_FINISH_GLOBAL (FILE *file, int verbose)

> This is the cleanup hook corresponding to `TARGET_SCHED_INIT_GLOBAL`. file is either a null pointer, or a stdio stream to write any debug output to. verbose is the verbose level provided by -fsched-verbose-n.

— Target Hook: int TARGET_SCHED_DFA_PRE_CYCLE_INSN (void)

> The hook returns an RTL insn. The automaton state used in the pipeline hazard recognizer is changed as if the insn were scheduled when the new simulated processor cycle starts. Usage of the hook may simplify the automaton pipeline description for some VLIW processors. If the hook is defined, it is used only for the automaton based pipeline description. The default is not to change the state when the new simulated processor cycle starts.

— Target Hook: void TARGET_SCHED_INIT_DFA_PRE_CYCLE_INSN (void)

> The hook can be used to initialize data used by the previous hook.

— Target Hook: int TARGET_SCHED_DFA_POST_CYCLE_INSN (void)

> The hook is analogous to TARGET_SCHED_DFA_PRE_CYCLE_INSN but used to changed the state as if the insn were scheduled when the new simulated processor cycle finishes.

— Target Hook: void TARGET_SCHED_INIT_DFA_POST_CYCLE_INSN (void)

> The hook is analogous to TARGET_SCHED_INIT_DFA_PRE_CYCLE_INSN but used to initialize data used by the previous hook.

— Target Hook: void TARGET_SCHED_DFA_PRE_CYCLE_ADVANCE (void)

> The hook to notify target that the current simulated cycle is about to finish. The hook is analogous to TARGET_SCHED_DFA_PRE_CYCLE_INSN but used to change the state in more complicated situations - e.g., when advancing state on a single insn is not enough.

— Target Hook: void TARGET_SCHED_DFA_POST_CYCLE_ADVANCE (void)

> The hook to notify target that new simulated cycle has just started. The hook is analogous to TARGET_SCHED_DFA_POST_CYCLE_INSN but used to change the state in more complicated situations - e.g., when advancing state on a single insn is not enough.

— Target Hook: int TARGET_SCHED_FIRST_CYCLE_MULTIPASS_DFA_LOOKAHEAD (void)

> This hook controls better choosing an insn from the ready insn queue for the DFA-based insn scheduler. Usually the scheduler chooses the first insn from the queue. If the hook returns a positive value, an additional scheduler code tries all permutations of TARGET_SCHED_FIRST_CYCLE_MULTIPASS_DFA_LOOKAHEAD () subsequent ready insns to choose an insn whose issue will result in maximal number of issued insns on the same cycle. For the VLIW processor, the code could actually solve the problem of packing simple insns into the VLIW insn. Of course, if the rules of VLIW packing are described in the automaton.

> This code also could be used for superscalar RISC processors. Let us consider a superscalar RISC processor with 3 pipelines. Some insns can be executed in pipelines A or B, some insns can be executed only in pipelines B or C, and one insn can be executed in pipeline B. The processor may issue the 1st insn into A and the 2nd one into B. In this case, the 3rd insn will wait for freeing B until the next cycle. If the scheduler issues the 3rd insn the first, the processor could issue all 3 insns per cycle.

> Actually this code demonstrates advantages of the automaton based pipeline hazard recognizer. We try quickly and easy many insn schedules to choose the best one.

> The default is no multipass scheduling.

— Target Hook: int TARGET_SCHED_FIRST_CYCLE_MULTIPASS_DFA_LOOKAHEAD_GUARD (rtx)

> This hook controls what insns from the ready insn queue will be considered for the multipass insn scheduling. If the hook returns zero for insn passed as the parameter, the insn will be not chosen to be issued.

> The default is that any ready insns can be chosen to be issued.

— Target Hook: int TARGET_SCHED_DFA_NEW_CYCLE (FILE *, int, rtx, int, int, int *)

> This hook is called by the insn scheduler before issuing insn passed as the third parameter on given cycle. If the hook returns nonzero, the insn is not issued on given processors cycle. Instead of that, the processor cycle is advanced. If the value passed through the last parameter is zero, the insn ready queue is not sorted on the new cycle start as usually. The first parameter passes file for debugging output. The second one passes the scheduler verbose level of the debugging output. The forth and the fifth parameter values are correspondingly processor cycle on which the previous insn has been issued and the current processor cycle.

— Target Hook: bool TARGET_SCHED_IS_COSTLY_DEPENDENCE (struct dep_def *_dep, int cost, int distance)

> This hook is used to define which dependences are considered costly by the target, so costly that it is not advisable to schedule the insns that are involved in the dependence too close to one another. The parameters to this hook are as follows: The first parameter _dep is the dependence being evaluated. The second parameter cost is the cost of the dependence, and the third parameter distance is the distance in cycles between the two insns. The hook returns `true` if considering the distance between the two insns the dependence between them is considered costly by the target, and `false` otherwise.

> Defining this hook can be useful in multiple-issue out-of-order machines, where (a) it's practically hopeless to predict the actual data/resource delays, however: (b) there's a better chance to predict the actual grouping that will be formed, and (c) correctly emulating the grouping can be very important. In such targets one may want to allow issuing dependent insns closer to one another—i.e., closer than the dependence distance; however, not in cases of "costly dependences", which this hooks allows to define.

— Target Hook: void TARGET_SCHED_H_I_D_EXTENDED (void)

> This hook is called by the insn scheduler after emitting a new instruction to the instruction stream. The hook notifies a target backend to extend its per instruction data structures.

— Target Hook: int TARGET_SCHED_SPECULATE_INSN (rtx insn, int request, rtx *new_pat)

> This hook is called by the insn scheduler when insn has only speculative dependencies and therefore can be scheduled speculatively. The hook is used to check if the pattern of insn has a speculative version and, in case of successful check, to generate that speculative pattern. The hook should return 1, if the instruction has a speculative form, or -1, if it doesn't. request describes the type of requested speculation. If the return value equals 1 then new_pat is assigned the generated speculative pattern.

— Target Hook: int TARGET_SCHED_NEEDS_BLOCK_P (rtx insn)

> This hook is called by the insn scheduler during generation of recovery code for insn. It should return nonzero, if the corresponding check instruction should branch to recovery code, or zero otherwise.

— Target Hook: rtx TARGET_SCHED_GEN_CHECK (rtx insn, rtx label, int mutate_p)

> This hook is called by the insn scheduler to generate a pattern for recovery check instruction. If mutate_p is zero, then insn is a speculative instruction for which the check should be generated. label is either a label of a basic block, where recovery code should be emitted, or a null pointer, when requested check doesn't branch to recovery code (a simple check). If mutate_p is nonzero, then a pattern for a branchy check corresponding to a simple check denoted by insn should be generated. In this case label can't be null.

— Target Hook: int TARGET_SCHED_FIRST_CYCLE_MULTIPASS_DFA_LOOKAHEAD_GUARD_SPEC (rtx insn)

> This hook is used as a workaround for TARGET_SCHED_FIRST_CYCLE_MULTIPASS_DFA_LOOKAHEAD_GUARD not being called on the first instruction of the ready list. The hook is used to discard speculative instruction that stand first in the ready list from being scheduled on the current cycle. For non-speculative instructions, the hook should always return nonzero. For example, in the ia64 backend the hook is used to cancel data speculative insns when the ALAT table is nearly full.

— Target Hook: void TARGET_SCHED_SET_SCHED_FLAGS (unsigned int *flags, spec_info_t spec_info)

> This hook is used by the insn scheduler to find out what features should be enabled/used. flags initially may have either the SCHED_RGN or SCHED_EBB bit set. This denotes the scheduler pass for which the data should be provided. The target backend should modify flags by modifying the bits corresponding to the following features: USE_DEPS_LIST, USE_GLAT, DETACH_LIFE_INFO, and DO_SPECULATION. For the DO_SPECULATION feature an additional structure spec_info should be filled by the target. The structure describes speculation types that can be used in the scheduler.

— Target Hook: int TARGET_SCHED_SMS_RES_MII (struct ddg *g)

> This hook is called by the swing modulo scheduler to calculate a resource-based lower bound which is based on the resources available in the machine and the resources required by each instruction. The target backend can use g to calculate such bound. A very simple lower bound will be used in case this hook is not implemented: the total number of instructions divided by the issue rate.