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# 5. Stopping and Continuing

The principal purposes of using a debugger are so that you can stop your program before it terminates; or so that, if your program runs into trouble, you can investigate and find out why.

Inside GDB, your program may stop for any of several reasons, such as a signal, a breakpoint, or reaching a new line after a GDB command such as `step`. You may then examine and change variables, set new breakpoints or remove old ones, and then continue execution. Usually, the messages shown by GDB provide ample explanation of the status of your program--but you can also explicitly request this information at any time.

`info program`
  Display information about the status of your program: whether it is running or not, what process it is, and why it stopped.

> 5.1 Breakpoints, Watchpoints, and Catchpoints |  | Breakpoints, watchpoints, and catchpoints
> 5.2 Continuing and Stepping |  | Resuming execution
> 5.3 Signals |  |
> 5.4 Stopping and Starting Multi-thread Programs |  | Stopping and starting multi-thread programs

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## 5.1 Breakpoints, Watchpoints, and Catchpoints

A breakpoint makes your program stop whenever a certain point in the program is reached. For each breakpoint, you can add conditions to control in finer detail whether your program stops. You can set breakpoints with the `break` command and its variants (see section Setting Breakpoints), to specify the place where your program should stop by line number, function name or exact address in the program.

On some systems, you can set breakpoints in shared libraries before the executable is run. There is a minor limitation on HP-UX systems: you must wait until the executable is run in order to set breakpoints in shared library routines that are not called directly by the program (for example, routines that are arguments in a `pthread_create` call).

A watchpoint is a special breakpoint that stops your program when the value of an expression changes. The expression may be a value of a variable, or it could involve values of one or more variables combined by operators, such as ``a + b'`. This is sometimes called data breakpoints. You must use a different command to set watchpoints (see section Setting Watchpoints), but aside from that, you can manage a watchpoint like any other breakpoint: you enable, disable, and delete both breakpoints and watchpoints using the same commands.

You can arrange to have values from your program displayed automatically whenever GDB stops at a breakpoint. See section Automatic Display.

A catchpoint is another special breakpoint that stops your program when a certain kind of event occurs, such as the throwing of a C`++` exception or the loading of a library. As with watchpoints, you use a different command to set a catchpoint (see section Setting Catchpoints), but aside from that, you can manage a catchpoint like any other breakpoint. (To stop when your program receives a signal, use the `handle` command; see Signals.)

GDB assigns a number to each breakpoint, watchpoint, or catchpoint when you create it; these numbers are successive integers starting with one. In many of the commands for controlling various features of breakpoints you use the breakpoint number to say which breakpoint you want to change. Each breakpoint may be enabled or disabled; if disabled, it has no effect on your program until you enable it again.

Some GDB commands accept a range of breakpoints on which to operate. A breakpoint range is either a single breakpoint number, like ``5'`, or two such numbers, in increasing order, separated by a hyphen, like ``5-7'`. When a breakpoint range is given to a command, all breakpoints in that range are operated on.

> 5.1.1 Setting Breakpoints |  | Setting breakpoints
> 5.1.2 Setting Watchpoints |  | Setting watchpoints
> 5.1.3 Setting Catchpoints |  | Setting catchpoints
> 5.1.4 Deleting Breakpoints |  | Deleting breakpoints
> 5.1.5 Disabling Breakpoints |  | Disabling breakpoints
> 5.1.6 Break Conditions |  | Break conditions
> 5.1.7 Breakpoint Command Lists |  | Breakpoint command lists
> 5.1.8 Breakpoint Menus |  | Breakpoint menus
> 5.1.9 "Cannot insert breakpoints" |  |
> 5.1.10 "Breakpoint address adjusted..." |  |

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### 5.1.1 Setting Breakpoints

Breakpoints are set with the `break` command (abbreviated `b`). The debugger convenience variable ``$bpnum'` records the number of the breakpoint you've set most recently; see Convenience Variables, for a discussion of what you can do with convenience variables.

`break location`
  Set a breakpoint at the given location, which can specify a function name, a line number, or an address of an instruction. (See section 7.2 Specifying a Location, for a list of all the possible ways to specify a location.) The breakpoint will stop your program just before it executes any of the code in the specified location.

  When using source languages that permit overloading of symbols, such as C`++`, a function name may refer to more than one possible place to break. See section Breakpoint Menus, for a discussion of that situation.

`break`
  When called without any arguments, `break` sets a breakpoint at the next instruction to be executed in the selected stack frame (see section Examining the Stack). In any selected frame but the innermost, this makes your program stop as soon as control returns to that frame. This is similar to the effect of a `finish` command in the frame inside the selected frame--except that `finish` does not leave an active breakpoint. If you use `break` without an argument in the innermost frame, GDB stops the next time it reaches the current location; this may be useful inside loops.

  GDB normally ignores breakpoints when it resumes execution, until at least one instruction has been executed. If it did not do this, you would be unable to proceed past a breakpoint without first disabling the breakpoint. This rule applies whether or not the breakpoint already existed when your program stopped.

`break ... if cond`
  Set a breakpoint with condition cond; evaluate the expression cond each time the breakpoint is reached, and stop only if the value is nonzero--that is, if cond evaluates as true. ``...'` stands for one of the possible arguments described above (or no argument) specifying where to break. See section Break Conditions, for more information on breakpoint conditions.

`tbreak args`
  Set a breakpoint enabled only for one stop. args are the same as for the `break` command, and the breakpoint is set in the same way, but the breakpoint is automatically deleted after the first time your program stops there. See section Disabling Breakpoints.

`hbreak args`
  Set a hardware-assisted breakpoint. args are the same as for the `break` command and the breakpoint is set in the same way, but the breakpoint requires hardware support and some target hardware may not have this support. The main purpose of this is EPROM/ROM code debugging, so you can set a breakpoint at an instruction without changing the instruction. This can be used with the new trap-generation provided by SPARClite DSU and most x86-based targets. These targets will generate traps when a program accesses some data or instruction address that is assigned to the debug registers. However the hardware breakpoint registers can take a limited number of breakpoints. For example, on the DSU, only two data breakpoints can be set at a time, and GDB will reject this command if more than two are used. Delete or disable unused hardware breakpoints before setting new ones (see section Disabling Breakpoints). See section Break Conditions. For remote targets, you can restrict the number of hardware breakpoints GDB will use, see set remote hardware-breakpoint-limit.

`thbreak args`
  Set a hardware-assisted breakpoint enabled only for one stop. args are the same as for the `hbreak` command and the breakpoint is set in the same way. However, like the `tbreak` command, the breakpoint is automatically deleted after the first time your program stops there. Also, like the `hbreak` command, the breakpoint requires hardware support and some target hardware may not have this support. See section Disabling Breakpoints. See also Break Conditions.

`rbreak regex`
  Set breakpoints on all functions matching the regular expression regex. This command sets an unconditional breakpoint on all matches, printing a list of all breakpoints it set. Once these breakpoints are set, they are treated just like the breakpoints set with the `break` command. You can delete them, disable them, or make them conditional the same way as any other breakpoint.

  The syntax of the regular expression is the standard one used with tools like ``grep'`. Note that this is different from the syntax used by shells, so for instance `foo*` matches all functions that include an `fo` followed by zero or more `o`s. There is an implicit `.*` leading and trailing the regular expression you supply, so to match only functions that begin with `foo`, use `^foo`.

  When debugging C`++` programs, `rbreak` is useful for setting breakpoints on overloaded functions that are not members of any special classes.

  The `rbreak` command can be used to set breakpoints in all the functions in a program, like this:

      (gdb) rbreak .

`info breakpoints [n]`
`info break [n]`
`info watchpoints [n]`
  Print a table of all breakpoints, watchpoints, and catchpoints set and not deleted. Optional argument n means print information only about the specified breakpoint (or watchpoint or catchpoint). For each breakpoint, following columns are printed:

  Breakpoint Numbers
  Type
    Breakpoint, watchpoint, or catchpoint.
  Disposition
    Whether the breakpoint is marked to be disabled or deleted when hit.
  Enabled or Disabled
    Enabled breakpoints are marked with ``y'`. ``n'` marks breakpoints that are not enabled.
  Address
    Where the breakpoint is in your program, as a memory address. For a pending breakpoint whose address is not yet known, this field will contain ``<PENDING>'`. Such breakpoint won't fire until a shared library that has the symbol or line referred by breakpoint is loaded. See below for details. A breakpoint with several locations will have ``<MULTIPLE>'` in this field--see below for details.
  What
    Where the breakpoint is in the source for your program, as a file and line number. For a pending breakpoint, the original string passed to the breakpoint command will be listed as it cannot be resolved until the appropriate shared library is loaded in the future.

  If a breakpoint is conditional, `info break` shows the condition on the line following the affected breakpoint; breakpoint commands, if any, are listed after that. A pending breakpoint is allowed to have a condition specified for it. The condition is not parsed for validity until a shared library is loaded that allows the pending breakpoint to resolve to a valid location.

  `info break` with a breakpoint number n as argument lists only that breakpoint. The convenience variable `$_` and the default examining-address for the `x` command are set to the address of the last breakpoint listed (see section Examining Memory).

  `info break` displays a count of the number of times the breakpoint has been hit. This is especially useful in conjunction with the `ignore` command. You can ignore a large number of breakpoint hits, look at the breakpoint info to see how many times the breakpoint was hit, and then run again, ignoring one less than that number. This will get you quickly to the last hit of that breakpoint.

GDB allows you to set any number of breakpoints at the same place in your program. There is nothing silly or meaningless about this. When the breakpoints are conditional, this is even useful (see section Break Conditions).

It is possible that a breakpoint corresponds to several locations in your program. Examples of this situation are:

- For a C`++` constructor, the GCC compiler generates several instances of the function body, used in different cases.

- For a C`++` template function, a given line in the function can correspond to any number of instantiations.

- For an inlined function, a given source line can correspond to several places where that function is inlined.

In all those cases, GDB will insert a breakpoint at all the relevant locations.

A breakpoint with multiple locations is displayed in the breakpoint table using several rows--one header row, followed by one row for each breakpoint location. The header row has ``<MULTIPLE>'` in the address column. The rows for individual locations contain the actual addresses for locations, and show the functions to which those locations belong. The number column for a location is of the form breakpoint-number.location-number.

For example:

    Num     Type           Disp Enb  Address    What
    1       breakpoint     keep y    <MULTIPLE>
            stop only if i==1
            breakpoint already hit 1 time
    1.1                         y    0x080486a2 in void foo<int>() at t.cc:8
    1.2                         y    0x080486ca in void foo<double>() at t.cc:8

Each location can be individually enabled or disabled by passing breakpoint-number.location-number as argument to the `enable` and `disable` commands. Note that you cannot delete the individual locations from the list, you can only delete the entire list of locations that belong to their parent breakpoint (with the `delete num` command, where num is the number of the parent breakpoint, 1 in the above example). Disabling or enabling the parent breakpoint (see section 5.1.5 Disabling Breakpoints) affects all of the locations that belong to that breakpoint.

It's quite common to have a breakpoint inside a shared library. Shared libraries can be loaded and unloaded explicitly, and possibly repeatedly, as the program is executed. To support this use case, GDB updates breakpoint locations whenever any shared library is loaded or unloaded. Typically, you would set a breakpoint in a shared library at the beginning of your debugging session, when the library is not loaded, and when the symbols from the library are not available. When you try to set breakpoint, GDB will ask you if you want to set a so called pending breakpoint---breakpoint whose address is not yet resolved.

After the program is run, whenever a new shared library is loaded, GDB reevaluates all the breakpoints. When a newly loaded shared library contains the symbol or line referred to by some pending breakpoint, that breakpoint is resolved and becomes an ordinary breakpoint. When a library is unloaded, all breakpoints that refer to its symbols or source lines become pending again.

This logic works for breakpoints with multiple locations, too. For example, if you have a breakpoint in a C`++` template function, and a newly loaded shared library has an instantiation of that template, a new location is added to the list of locations for the breakpoint.

Except for having unresolved address, pending breakpoints do not differ from regular breakpoints. You can set conditions or commands, enable and disable them and perform other breakpoint operations.

GDB provides some additional commands for controlling what happens when the ``break'` command cannot resolve breakpoint address specification to an address:

`set breakpoint pending auto`
  This is the default behavior. When GDB cannot find the breakpoint location, it queries you whether a pending breakpoint should be created.

`set breakpoint pending on`
  This indicates that an unrecognized breakpoint location should automatically result in a pending breakpoint being created.

`set breakpoint pending off`
  This indicates that pending breakpoints are not to be created. Any unrecognized breakpoint location results in an error. This setting does not affect any pending breakpoints previously created.

`show breakpoint pending`
  Show the current behavior setting for creating pending breakpoints.

The settings above only affect the `break` command and its variants. Once breakpoint is set, it will be automatically updated as shared libraries are loaded and unloaded.

For some targets, GDB can automatically decide if hardware or software breakpoints should be used, depending on whether the breakpoint address is read-only or read-write. This applies to breakpoints set with the `break` command as well as to internal breakpoints set by commands like `next` and `finish`. For breakpoints set with `hbreak`, GDB will always use hardware breakpoints.

You can control this automatic behaviour with the following commands::

`set breakpoint auto-hw on`
  This is the default behavior. When GDB sets a breakpoint, it will try to use the target memory map to decide if software or hardware breakpoint must be used.

`set breakpoint auto-hw off`
  This indicates GDB should not automatically select breakpoint type. If the target provides a memory map, GDB will warn when trying to set software breakpoint at a read-only address.

GDB itself sometimes sets breakpoints in your program for special purposes, such as proper handling of `longjmp` (in C programs). These internal breakpoints are assigned negative numbers, starting with `-1`; ``info breakpoints'` does not display them. You can see these breakpoints with the GDB maintenance command ``maint info breakpoints'` (see maint info breakpoints).

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### 5.1.2 Setting Watchpoints

You can use a watchpoint to stop execution whenever the value of an expression changes, without having to predict a particular place where this may happen. (This is sometimes called a data breakpoint.) The expression may be as simple as the value of a single variable, or as complex as many variables combined by operators. Examples include:

- A reference to the value of a single variable.

- An address cast to an appropriate data type. For example, ``*(int *)0x12345678'` will watch a 4-byte region at the specified address (assuming an `int` occupies 4 bytes).

- An arbitrarily complex expression, such as ``a*b + c/d'`. The expression can use any operators valid in the program's native language (see section 12. Using GDB with Different Languages).

Depending on your system, watchpoints may be implemented in software or hardware. GDB does software watchpointing by single-stepping your program and testing the variable's value each time, which is hundreds of times slower than normal execution. (But this may still be worth it, to catch errors where you have no clue what part of your program is the culprit.)

On some systems, such as HP-UX, PowerPC, GNU/Linux and most other x86-based targets, GDB includes support for hardware watchpoints, which do not slow down the running of your program.

`watch expr [thread threadnum]`
  Set a watchpoint for an expression. GDB will break when the expression expr is written into by the program and its value changes. The simplest (and the most popular) use of this command is to watch the value of a single variable:

      (gdb) watch foo

  If the command includes a `[thread threadnum]` clause, GDB breaks only when the thread identified by threadnum changes the value of expr. If any other threads change the value of expr, GDB will not break. Note that watchpoints restricted to a single thread in this way only work with Hardware Watchpoints.

`rwatch expr [thread threadnum]`
  Set a watchpoint that will break when the value of expr is read by the program.

`awatch expr [thread threadnum]`
  Set a watchpoint that will break when expr is either read from or written into by the program.

`info watchpoints`
  This command prints a list of watchpoints, breakpoints, and catchpoints; it is the same as `info break` (see section 5.1.1 Setting Breakpoints).

GDB sets a hardware watchpoint if possible. Hardware watchpoints execute very quickly, and the debugger reports a change in value at the exact instruction where the change occurs. If GDB cannot set a hardware watchpoint, it sets a software watchpoint, which executes more slowly and reports the change in value at the next statement, not the instruction, after the change occurs.

You can force GDB to use only software watchpoints with the `set can-use-hw-watchpoints 0` command. With this variable set to zero, GDB will never try to use hardware watchpoints, even if the underlying system supports them. (Note that hardware-assisted watchpoints that were set before setting `can-use-hw-watchpoints` to zero will still use the hardware mechanism of watching expression values.)

`set can-use-hw-watchpoints`
  Set whether or not to use hardware watchpoints.

`show can-use-hw-watchpoints`
  Show the current mode of using hardware watchpoints.

For remote targets, you can restrict the number of hardware watchpoints GDB will use, see set remote hardware-breakpoint-limit.

When you issue the `watch` command, GDB reports

    Hardware watchpoint num: expr

if it was able to set a hardware watchpoint.

Currently, the `awatch` and `rwatch` commands can only set hardware watchpoints, because accesses to data that don't change the value of the watched expression cannot be detected without examining every instruction as it is being executed, and GDB does not do that currently. If GDB finds that it is unable to set a hardware breakpoint with the `awatch` or `rwatch` command, it will print a message like this:

    Expression cannot be implemented with read/access watchpoint.

Sometimes, GDB cannot set a hardware watchpoint because the data type of the watched expression is wider than what a hardware watchpoint on the target machine can handle. For example, some systems can only watch regions that are up to 4 bytes wide; on such systems you cannot set hardware watchpoints for an expression that yields a double-precision floating-point number (which is typically 8 bytes wide). As a work-around, it might be possible to break the large region into a series of smaller ones and watch them with separate watchpoints.

If you set too many hardware watchpoints, GDB might be unable to insert all of them when you resume the execution of your program. Since the precise number of active watchpoints is unknown until such time as the program is about to be resumed, GDB might not be able to warn you about this when you set the watchpoints, and the warning will be printed only when the program is resumed:

    Hardware watchpoint num: Could not insert watchpoint

If this happens, delete or disable some of the watchpoints.

Watching complex expressions that reference many variables can also exhaust the resources available for hardware-assisted watchpoints. That's because GDB needs to watch every variable in the expression with separately allocated resources.

The SPARClite DSU will generate traps when a program accesses some data or instruction address that is assigned to the debug registers. For the data addresses, DSU facilitates the `watch` command. However the hardware breakpoint registers can only take two data watchpoints, and both watchpoints must be the same kind. For example, you can set two watchpoints with `watch` commands, two with `rwatch` commands, or two with `awatch` commands, but you cannot set one watchpoint with one command and the other with a different command. GDB will reject the command if you try to mix watchpoints. Delete or disable unused watchpoint commands before setting new ones.

If you call a function interactively using `print` or `call`, any watchpoints you have set will be inactive until GDB reaches another kind of breakpoint or the call completes.

GDB automatically deletes watchpoints that watch local (automatic) variables, or expressions that involve such variables, when they go out of scope, that is, when the execution leaves the block in which these variables were defined. In particular, when the program being debugged terminates, all local variables go out of scope, and so only watchpoints that watch global variables remain set. If you rerun the program, you will need to set all such watchpoints again. One way of doing that would be to set a code breakpoint at the entry to the `main` function and when it breaks, set all the watchpoints.

In multi-threaded programs, watchpoints will detect changes to the watched expression from every thread.

> Warning: In multi-threaded programs, software watchpoints have only limited usefulness. If GDB creates a software watchpoint, it can only watch the value of an expression in a single thread. If you are confident that the expression can only change due to the current thread's activity (and if you are also confident that no other thread can become current), then you can use software watchpoints as usual. However, GDB may not notice when a non-current thread's activity changes the expression. (Hardware watchpoints, in contrast, watch an expression in all threads.)

See set remote hardware-watchpoint-limit.

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### 5.1.3 Setting Catchpoints

You can use catchpoints to cause the debugger to stop for certain kinds of program events, such as C`++` exceptions or the loading of a shared library. Use the `catch` command to set a catchpoint.

`catch event`
  Stop when event occurs. event can be any of the following:
  `throw`
    The throwing of a C`++` exception.

  `catch`
    The catching of a C`++` exception.

  `exception`
    An Ada exception being raised. If an exception name is specified at the end of the command (eg `catch exception Program_Error`), the debugger will stop only when this specific exception is raised. Otherwise, the debugger stops execution when any Ada exception is raised.

  `exception unhandled`
    An exception that was raised but is not handled by the program.

  `assert`
    A failed Ada assertion.

  `exec`
    A call to `exec`. This is currently only available for HP-UX and GNU/Linux.

  `fork`
    A call to `fork`. This is currently only available for HP-UX and GNU/Linux.

  `vfork`
    A call to `vfork`. This is currently only available for HP-UX and GNU/Linux.

  `load`
  `load libname`
    The dynamic loading of any shared library, or the loading of the library libname. This is currently only available for HP-UX.

  `unload`
  `unload libname`
    The unloading of any dynamically loaded shared library, or the unloading of the library libname. This is currently only available for HP-UX.

`tcatch event`
  Set a catchpoint that is enabled only for one stop. The catchpoint is automatically deleted after the first time the event is caught.

Use the `info break` command to list the current catchpoints.

There are currently some limitations to C`++` exception handling (`catch throw` and `catch catch`) in GDB:

- If you call a function interactively, GDB normally returns control to you when the function has finished executing. If the call raises an exception, however, the call may bypass the mechanism that returns control to you and cause your program either to abort or to simply continue running until it hits a breakpoint, catches a signal that GDB is listening for, or exits. This is the case even if you set a catchpoint for the exception; catchpoints on exceptions are disabled within interactive calls.

- You cannot raise an exception interactively.

- You cannot install an exception handler interactively.

Sometimes `catch` is not the best way to debug exception handling: if you need to know exactly where an exception is raised, it is better to stop before the exception handler is called, since that way you can see the stack before any unwinding takes place. If you set a breakpoint in an exception handler instead, it may not be easy to find out where the exception was raised.

To stop just before an exception handler is called, you need some knowledge of the implementation. In the case of GNU C`++`, exceptions are raised by calling a library function named `__raise_exception` which has the following ANSI C interface:

        /* addr is where the exception identifier is stored.
           id is the exception identifier.  */
        void __raise_exception (void **addr, void *id);

To make the debugger catch all exceptions before any stack unwinding takes place, set a breakpoint on `__raise_exception` (see section Breakpoints; Watchpoints; and Exceptions).

With a conditional breakpoint (see section Break Conditions) that depends on the value of id, you can stop your program when a specific exception is raised. You can use multiple conditional breakpoints to stop your program when any of a number of exceptions are raised.

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### 5.1.4 Deleting Breakpoints

It is often necessary to eliminate a breakpoint, watchpoint, or catchpoint once it has done its job and you no longer want your program to stop there. This is called deleting the breakpoint. A breakpoint that has been deleted no longer exists; it is forgotten.

With the `clear` command you can delete breakpoints according to where they are in your program. With the `delete` command you can delete individual breakpoints, watchpoints, or catchpoints by specifying their breakpoint numbers.

It is not necessary to delete a breakpoint to proceed past it. GDB automatically ignores breakpoints on the first instruction to be executed when you continue execution without changing the execution address.

`clear`
  Delete any breakpoints at the next instruction to be executed in the selected stack frame (see section Selecting a Frame). When the innermost frame is selected, this is a good way to delete a breakpoint where your program just stopped.

`clear location`
  Delete any breakpoints set at the specified location. See section 7.2 Specifying a Location, for the various forms of location; the most useful ones are listed below:

  `clear function`
  `clear filename:function`
    Delete any breakpoints set at entry to the named function.

  `clear linenum`
  `clear filename:linenum`
    Delete any breakpoints set at or within the code of the specified linenum of the specified filename.

`delete [breakpoints] [range...]`
  Delete the breakpoints, watchpoints, or catchpoints of the breakpoint ranges specified as arguments. If no argument is specified, delete all breakpoints (GDB asks confirmation, unless you have `set confirm off`). You can abbreviate this command as `d`.

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### 5.1.5 Disabling Breakpoints

Rather than deleting a breakpoint, watchpoint, or catchpoint, you might prefer to disable it. This makes the breakpoint inoperative as if it had been deleted, but remembers the information on the breakpoint so that you can enable it again later.

You disable and enable breakpoints, watchpoints, and catchpoints with the `enable` and `disable` commands, optionally specifying one or more breakpoint numbers as arguments. Use `info break` or `info watch` to print a list of breakpoints, watchpoints, and catchpoints if you do not know which numbers to use.

Disabling and enabling a breakpoint that has multiple locations affects all of its locations.

A breakpoint, watchpoint, or catchpoint can have any of four different states of enablement:

- Enabled. The breakpoint stops your program. A breakpoint set with the `break` command starts out in this state.
- Disabled. The breakpoint has no effect on your program.
- Enabled once. The breakpoint stops your program, but then becomes disabled.
- Enabled for deletion. The breakpoint stops your program, but immediately after it does so it is deleted permanently. A breakpoint set with the `tbreak` command starts out in this state.

You can use the following commands to enable or disable breakpoints, watchpoints, and catchpoints:

`disable [breakpoints] [range...]`
  Disable the specified breakpoints--or all breakpoints, if none are listed. A disabled breakpoint has no effect but is not forgotten. All options such as ignore-counts, conditions and commands are remembered in case the breakpoint is enabled again later. You may abbreviate `disable` as `dis`.

`enable [breakpoints] [range...]`
  Enable the specified breakpoints (or all defined breakpoints). They become effective once again in stopping your program.

`enable [breakpoints] once range...`
  Enable the specified breakpoints temporarily. GDB disables any of these breakpoints immediately after stopping your program.

`enable [breakpoints] delete range...`
  Enable the specified breakpoints to work once, then die. GDB deletes any of these breakpoints as soon as your program stops there. Breakpoints set by the `tbreak` command start out in this state.

Except for a breakpoint set with `tbreak` (see section Setting Breakpoints), breakpoints that you set are initially enabled; subsequently, they become disabled or enabled only when you use one of the commands above. (The command `until` can set and delete a breakpoint of its own, but it does not change the state of your other breakpoints; see Continuing and Stepping.)

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### 5.1.6 Break Conditions

The simplest sort of breakpoint breaks every time your program reaches a specified place. You can also specify a condition for a breakpoint. A condition is just a Boolean expression in your programming language (see section Expressions). A breakpoint with a condition evaluates the expression each time your program reaches it, and your program stops only if the condition is true.

This is the converse of using assertions for program validation; in that situation, you want to stop when the assertion is violated--that is, when the condition is false. In C, if you want to test an assertion expressed by the condition assert, you should set the condition ``! assert'` on the appropriate breakpoint.

Conditions are also accepted for watchpoints; you may not need them, since a watchpoint is inspecting the value of an expression anyhow--but it might be simpler, say, to just set a watchpoint on a variable name, and specify a condition that tests whether the new value is an interesting one.

Break conditions can have side effects, and may even call functions in your program. This can be useful, for example, to activate functions that log program progress, or to use your own print functions to format special data structures. The effects are completely predictable unless there is another enabled breakpoint at the same address. (In that case, GDB might see the other breakpoint first and stop your program without checking the condition of this one.) Note that breakpoint commands are usually more convenient and flexible than break conditions for the purpose of performing side effects when a breakpoint is reached (see section Breakpoint Command Lists).

Break conditions can be specified when a breakpoint is set, by using ``if'` in the arguments to the `break` command. See section Setting Breakpoints. They can also be changed at any time with the `condition` command.

You can also use the `if` keyword with the `watch` command. The `catch` command does not recognize the `if` keyword; `condition` is the only way to impose a further condition on a catchpoint.

`condition bnum expression`
  Specify expression as the break condition for breakpoint, watchpoint, or catchpoint number bnum. After you set a condition, breakpoint bnum stops your program only if the value of expression is true (nonzero, in C). When you use `condition`, GDB checks expression immediately for syntactic correctness, and to determine whether symbols in it have referents in the context of your breakpoint. If expression uses symbols not referenced in the context of the breakpoint, GDB prints an error message:

      No symbol "foo" in current context.

  GDB does not actually evaluate expression at the time the `condition` command (or a command that sets a breakpoint with a condition, like `break if ...`) is given, however. See section Expressions.

`condition bnum`
  Remove the condition from breakpoint number bnum. It becomes an ordinary unconditional breakpoint.

A special case of a breakpoint condition is to stop only when the breakpoint has been reached a certain number of times. This is so useful that there is a special way to do it, using the ignore count of the breakpoint. Every breakpoint has an ignore count, which is an integer. Most of the time, the ignore count is zero, and therefore has no effect. But if your program reaches a breakpoint whose ignore count is positive, then instead of stopping, it just decrements the ignore count by one and continues. As a result, if the ignore count value is n, the breakpoint does not stop the next n times your program reaches it.

`ignore bnum count`
  Set the ignore count of breakpoint number bnum to count. The next count times the breakpoint is reached, your program's execution does not stop; other than to decrement the ignore count, GDB takes no action.

  To make the breakpoint stop the next time it is reached, specify a count of zero.

  When you use `continue` to resume execution of your program from a breakpoint, you can specify an ignore count directly as an argument to `continue`, rather than using `ignore`. See section Continuing and Stepping.

  If a breakpoint has a positive ignore count and a condition, the condition is not checked. Once the ignore count reaches zero, GDB resumes checking the condition.

  You could achieve the effect of the ignore count with a condition such as ``$foo-- <= 0'` using a debugger convenience variable that is decremented each time. See section Convenience Variables.

Ignore counts apply to breakpoints, watchpoints, and catchpoints.

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### 5.1.7 Breakpoint Command Lists

You can give any breakpoint (or watchpoint or catchpoint) a series of commands to execute when your program stops due to that breakpoint. For example, you might want to print the values of certain expressions, or enable other breakpoints.

`commands [bnum]`
`... command-list ...`
`end`
  Specify a list of commands for breakpoint number bnum. The commands themselves appear on the following lines. Type a line containing just `end` to terminate the commands.

  To remove all commands from a breakpoint, type `commands` and follow it immediately with `end`; that is, give no commands.

  With no bnum argument, `commands` refers to the last breakpoint, watchpoint, or catchpoint set (not to the breakpoint most recently encountered).

Pressing `RET` as a means of repeating the last GDB command is disabled within a command-list.

You can use breakpoint commands to start your program up again. Simply use the `continue` command, or `step`, or any other command that resumes execution.

Any other commands in the command list, after a command that resumes execution, are ignored. This is because any time you resume execution (even with a simple `next` or `step`), you may encounter another breakpoint--which could have its own command list, leading to ambiguities about which list to execute.

If the first command you specify in a command list is `silent`, the usual message about stopping at a breakpoint is not printed. This may be desirable for breakpoints that are to print a specific message and then continue. If none of the remaining commands print anything, you see no sign that the breakpoint was reached. `silent` is meaningful only at the beginning of a breakpoint command list.

The commands `echo`, `output`, and `printf` allow you to print precisely controlled output, and are often useful in silent breakpoints. See section Commands for Controlled Output.

For example, here is how you could use breakpoint commands to print the value of `x` at entry to `foo` whenever `x` is positive.

    break foo if x>0
    commands
    silent
    printf "x is %d\n",x
    cont
    end

One application for breakpoint commands is to compensate for one bug so you can test for another. Put a breakpoint just after the erroneous line of code, give it a condition to detect the case in which something erroneous has been done, and give it commands to assign correct values to any variables that need them. End with the `continue` command so that your program does not stop, and start with the `silent` command so that no output is produced. Here is an example:

    break 403
    commands
    silent
    set x = y + 4
    cont
    end

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### 5.1.8 Breakpoint Menus

Some programming languages (notably C`++` and Objective-C) permit a single function name to be defined several times, for application in different contexts. This is called overloading. When a function name is overloaded, ``break function'` is not enough to tell GDB where you want a breakpoint. You can use explicit signature of the function, as in ``break function(types)'`, to specify which particular version of the function you want. Otherwise, GDB offers you a menu of numbered choices for different possible breakpoints, and waits for your selection with the prompt ``>'`. The first two options are always ``[0] cancel'` and ``[1] all'`. Typing `1` sets a breakpoint at each definition of function, and typing `0` aborts the `break` command without setting any new breakpoints.

For example, the following session excerpt shows an attempt to set a breakpoint at the overloaded symbol `String::after`. We choose three particular definitions of that function name:

    (gdb) b String::after
    [0] cancel
    [1] all
    [2] file:String.cc; line number:867
    [3] file:String.cc; line number:860
    [4] file:String.cc; line number:875
    [5] file:String.cc; line number:853
    [6] file:String.cc; line number:846
    [7] file:String.cc; line number:735
    > 2 4 6
    Breakpoint 1 at 0xb26c: file String.cc, line 867.
    Breakpoint 2 at 0xb344: file String.cc, line 875.
    Breakpoint 3 at 0xafcc: file String.cc, line 846.
    Multiple breakpoints were set.
    Use the "delete" command to delete unwanted
     breakpoints.
    (gdb)

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### 5.1.9 "Cannot insert breakpoints"

Under some operating systems, breakpoints cannot be used in a program if any other process is running that program. In this situation, attempting to run or continue a program with a breakpoint causes GDB to print an error message:

    Cannot insert breakpoints.
    The same program may be running in another process.

When this happens, you have three ways to proceed:

1. Remove or disable the breakpoints, then continue.

2. Suspend GDB, and copy the file containing your program to a new name. Resume GDB and use the `exec-file` command to specify that GDB should run your program under that name. Then start your program again.

3. Relink your program so that the text segment is nonsharable, using the linker option ``-N'`. The operating system limitation may not apply to nonsharable executables.

A similar message can be printed if you request too many active hardware-assisted breakpoints and watchpoints:

    Stopped; cannot insert breakpoints.
    You may have requested too many hardware breakpoints and watchpoints.

This message is printed when you attempt to resume the program, since only then GDB knows exactly how many hardware breakpoints and watchpoints it needs to insert.

When this message is printed, you need to disable or remove some of the hardware-assisted breakpoints and watchpoints, and then continue.

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### 5.1.10 "Breakpoint address adjusted..."

Some processor architectures place constraints on the addresses at which breakpoints may be placed. For architectures thus constrained, GDB will attempt to adjust the breakpoint's address to comply with the constraints dictated by the architecture.

One example of such an architecture is the Fujitsu FR-V. The FR-V is a VLIW architecture in which a number of RISC-like instructions may be bundled together for parallel execution. The FR-V architecture constrains the location of a breakpoint instruction within such a bundle to the instruction with the lowest address. GDB honors this constraint by adjusting a breakpoint's address to the first in the bundle.

It is not uncommon for optimized code to have bundles which contain instructions from different source statements, thus it may happen that a breakpoint's address will be adjusted from one source statement to another. Since this adjustment may significantly alter GDB's breakpoint related behavior from what the user expects, a warning is printed when the breakpoint is first set and also when the breakpoint is hit.

A warning like the one below is printed when setting a breakpoint that's been subject to address adjustment:

    warning: Breakpoint address adjusted from 0x00010414 to 0x00010410.

Such warnings are printed both for user settable and GDB's internal breakpoints. If you see one of these warnings, you should verify that a breakpoint set at the adjusted address will have the desired affect. If not, the breakpoint in question may be removed and other breakpoints may be set which will have the desired behavior. E.g., it may be sufficient to place the breakpoint at a later instruction. A conditional breakpoint may also be useful in some cases to prevent the breakpoint from triggering too often.

GDB will also issue a warning when stopping at one of these adjusted breakpoints:

    warning: Breakpoint 1 address previously adjusted from 0x00010414
    to 0x00010410.

When this warning is encountered, it may be too late to take remedial action except in cases where the breakpoint is hit earlier or more frequently than expected.

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## 5.2 Continuing and Stepping

Continuing means resuming program execution until your program completes normally. In contrast, stepping means executing just one more "step" of your program, where "step" may mean either one line of source code, or one machine instruction (depending on what particular command you use). Either when continuing or when stepping, your program may stop even sooner, due to a breakpoint or a signal. (If it stops due to a signal, you may want to use `handle`, or use ``signal 0'` to resume execution. See section Signals.)

`continue [ignore-count]`
`c [ignore-count]`
`fg [ignore-count]`
  Resume program execution, at the address where your program last stopped; any breakpoints set at that address are bypassed. The optional argument ignore-count allows you to specify a further number of times to ignore a breakpoint at this location; its effect is like that of `ignore` (see section Break Conditions).

  The argument ignore-count is meaningful only when your program stopped due to a breakpoint. At other times, the argument to `continue` is ignored.

  The synonyms `c` and `fg` (for foreground, as the debugged program is deemed to be the foreground program) are provided purely for convenience, and have exactly the same behavior as `continue`.

To resume execution at a different place, you can use `return` (see section Returning from a Function) to go back to the calling function; or `jump` (see section Continuing at a Different Address) to go to an arbitrary location in your program.

A typical technique for using stepping is to set a breakpoint (see section Breakpoints; Watchpoints; and Catchpoints) at the beginning of the function or the section of your program where a problem is believed to lie, run your program until it stops at that breakpoint, and then step through the suspect area, examining the variables that are interesting, until you see the problem happen.

`step`
  Continue running your program until control reaches a different source line, then stop it and return control to GDB. This command is abbreviated `s`.

  > Warning: If you use the `step` command while control is within a function that was compiled without debugging information, execution proceeds until control reaches a function that does have debugging information. Likewise, it will not step into a function which is compiled without debugging information. To step through functions without debugging information, use the `stepi` command, described below.

  The `step` command only stops at the first instruction of a source line. This prevents the multiple stops that could otherwise occur in `switch` statements, `for` loops, etc. `step` continues to stop if a function that has debugging information is called within the line. In other words, `step` steps inside any functions called within the line.

  Also, the `step` command only enters a function if there is line number information for the function. Otherwise it acts like the `next` command. This avoids problems when using `cc -gl` on MIPS machines. Previously, `step` entered subroutines if there was any debugging information about the routine.

`step count`
  Continue running as in `step`, but do so count times. If a breakpoint is reached, or a signal not related to stepping occurs before count steps, stepping stops right away.

`next [count]`
  Continue to the next source line in the current (innermost) stack frame. This is similar to `step`, but function calls that appear within the line of code are executed without stopping. Execution stops when control reaches a different line of code at the original stack level that was executing when you gave the `next` command. This command is abbreviated `n`.

  An argument count is a repeat count, as for `step`.

  The `next` command only stops at the first instruction of a source line. This prevents multiple stops that could otherwise occur in `switch` statements, `for` loops, etc.

`set step-mode`
`set step-mode on`
  The `set step-mode on` command causes the `step` command to stop at the first instruction of a function which contains no debug line information rather than stepping over it.

  This is useful in cases where you may be interested in inspecting the machine instructions of a function which has no symbolic info and do not want GDB to automatically skip over this function.

`set step-mode off`
  Causes the `step` command to step over any functions which contains no debug information. This is the default.

`show step-mode`
  Show whether GDB will stop in or step over functions without source line debug information.

`finish`
  Continue running until just after function in the selected stack frame returns. Print the returned value (if any).

  Contrast this with the `return` command (see section Returning from a Function).

`until`
`u`
  Continue running until a source line past the current line, in the current stack frame, is reached. This command is used to avoid single stepping through a loop more than once. It is like the `next` command, except that when `until` encounters a jump, it automatically continues execution until the program counter is greater than the address of the jump.

  This means that when you reach the end of a loop after single stepping though it, `until` makes your program continue execution until it exits the loop. In contrast, a `next` command at the end of a loop simply steps back to the beginning of the loop, which forces you to step through the next iteration.

  `until` always stops your program if it attempts to exit the current stack frame.

  `until` may produce somewhat counterintuitive results if the order of machine code does not match the order of the source lines. For example, in the following excerpt from a debugging session, the `f` (`frame`) command shows that execution is stopped at line `206`; yet when we use `until`, we get to line `195`:

      (gdb) f
      #0  main (argc=4, argv=0xf7fffae8) at m4.c:206
      206                 expand_input();
      (gdb) until
      195             for ( ; argc > 0; NEXTARG) {

  This happened because, for execution efficiency, the compiler had generated code for the loop closure test at the end, rather than the start, of the loop--even though the test in a C `for`-loop is written before the body of the loop. The `until` command appeared to step back to the beginning of the loop when it advanced to this expression; however, it has not really gone to an earlier statement--not in terms of the actual machine code.

  `until` with no argument works by means of single instruction stepping, and hence is slower than `until` with an argument.

`until location`
`u location`
  Continue running your program until either the specified location is reached, or the current stack frame returns. location is any of the forms described in 7.2 Specifying a Location. This form of the command uses temporary breakpoints, and hence is quicker than `until` without an argument. The specified location is actually reached only if it is in the current frame. This implies that `until` can be used to skip over recursive function invocations. For instance in the code below, if the current location is line `96`, issuing `until 99` will execute the program up to line `99` in the same invocation of factorial, i.e., after the inner invocations have returned.

      94	int factorial (int value)
      95	{
      96	    if (value > 1) {
      97            value *= factorial (value - 1);
      98	    }
      99	    return (value);
      100     }

`advance location`
  Continue running the program up to the given location. An argument is required, which should be of one of the forms described in 7.2 Specifying a Location. Execution will also stop upon exit from the current stack frame. This command is similar to `until`, but `advance` will not skip over recursive function calls, and the target location doesn't have to be in the same frame as the current one.

`stepi`
`stepi arg`
`si`
  Execute one machine instruction, then stop and return to the debugger.

  It is often useful to do ``display/i $pc'` when stepping by machine instructions. This makes GDB automatically display the next instruction to be executed, each time your program stops. See section Automatic Display.

  An argument is a repeat count, as in `step`.

`nexti`
`nexti arg`
`ni`
  Execute one machine instruction, but if it is a function call, proceed until the function returns.

  An argument is a repeat count, as in `next`.

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## 5.3 Signals

A signal is an asynchronous event that can happen in a program. The operating system defines the possible kinds of signals, and gives each kind a name and a number. For example, in Unix `SIGINT` is the signal a program gets when you type an interrupt character (often `Ctrl-c`); `SIGSEGV` is the signal a program gets from referencing a place in memory far away from all the areas in use; `SIGALRM` occurs when the alarm clock timer goes off (which happens only if your program has requested an alarm).

Some signals, including `SIGALRM`, are a normal part of the functioning of your program. Others, such as `SIGSEGV`, indicate errors; these signals are fatal (they kill your program immediately) if the program has not specified in advance some other way to handle the signal. `SIGINT` does not indicate an error in your program, but it is normally fatal so it can carry out the purpose of the interrupt: to kill the program.

GDB has the ability to detect any occurrence of a signal in your program. You can tell GDB in advance what to do for each kind of signal.

Normally, GDB is set up to let the non-erroneous signals like `SIGALRM` be silently passed to your program (so as not to interfere with their role in the program's functioning) but to stop your program immediately whenever an error signal happens. You can change these settings with the `handle` command.

`info signals`
`info handle`
  Print a table of all the kinds of signals and how GDB has been told to handle each one. You can use this to see the signal numbers of all the defined types of signals.

`info signals sig`
  Similar, but print information only about the specified signal number.

  `info handle` is an alias for `info signals`.

`handle signal [keywords...]`
  Change the way GDB handles signal signal. signal can be the number of a signal or its name (with or without the ``SIG'` at the beginning); a list of signal numbers of the form ``low-high'`; or the word ``all'`, meaning all the known signals. Optional arguments keywords, described below, say what change to make.

The keywords allowed by the `handle` command can be abbreviated. Their full names are:

`nostop`
  GDB should not stop your program when this signal happens. It may still print a message telling you that the signal has come in.

`stop`
  GDB should stop your program when this signal happens. This implies the `print` keyword as well.

`print`
  GDB should print a message when this signal happens.

`noprint`
  GDB should not mention the occurrence of the signal at all. This implies the `nostop` keyword as well.

`pass`
`noignore`
  GDB should allow your program to see this signal; your program can handle the signal, or else it may terminate if the signal is fatal and not handled. `pass` and `noignore` are synonyms.

`nopass`
`ignore`
  GDB should not allow your program to see this signal. `nopass` and `ignore` are synonyms.

When a signal stops your program, the signal is not visible to the program until you continue. Your program sees the signal then, if `pass` is in effect for the signal in question at that time. In other words, after GDB reports a signal, you can use the `handle` command with `pass` or `nopass` to control whether your program sees that signal when you continue.

The default is set to `nostop`, `noprint`, `pass` for non-erroneous signals such as `SIGALRM`, `SIGWINCH` and `SIGCHLD`, and to `stop`, `print`, `pass` for the erroneous signals.

You can also use the `signal` command to prevent your program from seeing a signal, or cause it to see a signal it normally would not see, or to give it any signal at any time. For example, if your program stopped due to some sort of memory reference error, you might store correct values into the erroneous variables and continue, hoping to see more execution; but your program would probably terminate immediately as a result of the fatal signal once it saw the signal. To prevent this, you can continue with ``signal 0'`. See section Giving your Program a Signal.

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## 5.4 Stopping and Starting Multi-thread Programs

When your program has multiple threads (see section Debugging Programs with Multiple Threads), you can choose whether to set breakpoints on all threads, or on a particular thread.

`break linespec thread threadno`
`break linespec thread threadno if ...`
  linespec specifies source lines; there are several ways of writing them (see section 7.2 Specifying a Location), but the effect is always to specify some source line.

  Use the qualifier ``thread threadno'` with a breakpoint command to specify that you only want GDB to stop the program when a particular thread reaches this breakpoint. threadno is one of the numeric thread identifiers assigned by GDB, shown in the first column of the ``info threads'` display.

  If you do not specify ``thread threadno'` when you set a breakpoint, the breakpoint applies to all threads of your program.

  You can use the `thread` qualifier on conditional breakpoints as well; in this case, place ``thread threadno'` before the breakpoint condition, like this:

      (gdb) break frik.c:13 thread 28 if bartab > lim

Whenever your program stops under GDB for any reason, all threads of execution stop, not just the current thread. This allows you to examine the overall state of the program, including switching between threads, without worrying that things may change underfoot.

There is an unfortunate side effect. If one thread stops for a breakpoint, or for some other reason, and another thread is blocked in a system call, then the system call may return prematurely. This is a consequence of the interaction between multiple threads and the signals that GDB uses to implement breakpoints and other events that stop execution.

To handle this problem, your program should check the return value of each system call and react appropriately. This is good programming style anyways.

For example, do not write code like this:

      sleep (10);

The call to `sleep` will return early if a different thread stops at a breakpoint or for some other reason.

Instead, write this:

      int unslept = 10;
      while (unslept > 0)
        unslept = sleep (unslept);

A system call is allowed to return early, so the system is still conforming to its specification. But GDB does cause your multi-threaded program to behave differently than it would without GDB.

Also, GDB uses internal breakpoints in the thread library to monitor certain events such as thread creation and thread destruction. When such an event happens, a system call in another thread may return prematurely, even though your program does not appear to stop.

Conversely, whenever you restart the program, all threads start executing. This is true even when single-stepping with commands like `step` or `next`.

In particular, GDB cannot single-step all threads in lockstep. Since thread scheduling is up to your debugging target's operating system (not controlled by GDB), other threads may execute more than one statement while the current thread completes a single step. Moreover, in general other threads stop in the middle of a statement, rather than at a clean statement boundary, when the program stops.

You might even find your program stopped in another thread after continuing or even single-stepping. This happens whenever some other thread runs into a breakpoint, a signal, or an exception before the first thread completes whatever you requested.

On some OSes, you can lock the OS scheduler and thus allow only a single thread to run.

`set scheduler-locking mode`
  Set the scheduler locking mode. If it is `off`, then there is no locking and any thread may run at any time. If `on`, then only the current thread may run when the inferior is resumed. The `step` mode optimizes for single-stepping. It stops other threads from "seizing the prompt" by preempting the current thread while you are stepping. Other threads will only rarely (or never) get a chance to run when you step. They are more likely to run when you ``next'` over a function call, and they are completely free to run when you use commands like ``continue'`, ``until'`, or ``finish'`. However, unless another thread hits a breakpoint during its timeslice, they will never steal the GDB prompt away from the thread that you are debugging.

`show scheduler-locking`
  Display the current scheduler locking mode.

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